Hub Transport Role Server

• Routing email inside the Active directory forest.

 * Hub-to-hub routing within an active directory forest uses Active directory sites, computing routes by using site link cost. Connections are created implicitly between Hub transport servers.

• Send connectors

 * creates a logical connection to a remote email system for the purpose of outbound transmission of email messages.

• Receiver Connectors

 * Server as a logical gateway through which all inbound messages are received. Receive connectors listen for inbound connections from other Hub and edge transport servers.

* Two are created by default: client, for SMTP connections from non-MAPI clients such as POP and IMAP, and default, for connections from other Hub and edge transport servers.

• Edge Subscriptions

 * Identifies the edge transport servers that will be managed through replicated configuration data from the Exchange Organization.

• Accepted Domains

 * Used to define which SMTP domains Exchange will accept for inbound email routing. These can be authoritative or relay domains.

• Remote Domains

 * SMTP domains which are external to your Exchange organization. They are used to define the settings for message transfer between your Exchange organization and domains outside your AD forest. 

DataBase Availability group (DAG)

Exchange server 2010 mailbox databases can only be replicated to other Exchange Server 2010 servers within a DAG. you cannot replicate a database outside of the DAG, or to an Exchange Server 2007.

Active Directory Role in Exchange 2010

Active Directory works in conjunction with Active Directory Application Mode, or ADAM, using a tool called EdgeSync on an Exchange Server 2010 Edge Transport server to move a portion of Active Directory to the edge in an encrypted, secure manner. In addition, Active Directory is leveraged on the Hub Transport server to process rules for compliance and regulatory content assessment. Using Active Directory user, group, organizational unit, site, domain, and forest level rules, content can be assessed and filtered at the Hub
Transport server level.

Client Access Server Role

Exchange Server 2010 now has replicated mailbox technology where a user’s mailbox can be active on a different server in the event of a primary mailbox server failure. By allowing the CAS server to redirect the user to the appropriate destination, there is more flexibility in providing redundancy and recoverability of mailbox access in the event of a system failure.

Unified Messaging Server Role

Unified messaging is the capability for Exchange Server 2010 to be the voice mail server for an organization. Rather than having a separate voice mail system connected to the organization’s phone system, an Exchange Server 2010 unified messaging server can be integrated into the phone system to be able to take messages on incoming calls, and the messages are stored in the users’ Exchange Server mailboxes for playback from the phone or by accessing the message from within Outlook, OWA, or Windows Mobile.

MailBox Server Role

The Mailbox server role is merely a server that holds users’ mailbox information. It is the server that has the Exchange Server EDB databases. However, rather than just being a database server, the Exchange Server 2010 Mailbox server role can be configured to perform several functions that keep the mailbox data online and replicated.

Hub Transport Server Role

The function of  Hub transport server role is to intelligently route messages within an Exchange Server 2010 environment. By default, SMTP transport is very inefficient at routing messages to multiple recipients because it takes a message and sends multiple copies throughout an organization.

The Hub Transport server takes a message destined to multiple recipients, identifies the most efficient route to send the message, and keeps the message intact for multiple recipients to the most appropriate endpoint. So, if all of the recipients are on a single server in a remote location, only one copy of the 5-MB message is transmitted to the remote server. At that server, the message is then broken apart with a copy of the message dropped into each of the recipient’s mailboxes at the endpoint.

Policies can be configured in Exchange Server 2010 so that after a message is filtered for spam and viruses, the message goes to the policy server to be assessed whether the message meets or fits into any regulated message policy, and appropriate actions are taken. The same is true for outbound messages; the messages go to the policy server, the content of the message is analyzed, and if the message is determined to meet specific message policy criteria, the message can be routed unchanged, or the message can be held or modified based on the policy.

Edge Transport Server Role

The Edge Transport server role is a dedicated server function that performs spam and virus filtering as the first point of entry of messages into an Exchange Server environment.

OPEX

Operational expenditure

OpEx (Operational expenditure) refers to expenses incurred in the course of ordinary business, such as sales, general and administrative expenses.

Capex

Capital expenditures are expenditures creating future benefits.
Money spent on inventory falls under Capex.

Decommissioned Domain controller

If you have decommissioned a Dc, but it will shown under active directory sites and services. We need to manually delete that server from the list. There will be no NTDS settings underneath decommissioned server.

Same SID of my virtual machines

I copied virtual machines installed server 2012 on them and when I tried to add other VM into the domain of first one. There was a error in joining the domain which was same SID of the machines.

Run the sysprep tool from your C:\Windows\System32\sysprep folder

Also, to use this tool, machine should be in workgroup not in a domain. if it is already in a domain, then it will joined to workgroup and you will not be in that domain. you need to join domain again after using this tool.

Please keep in mind, that you may need to reactivate the windows after using this tool.